Trina Solar declares 2013 “year of the solar farm” as it bags 55MW solar supply deal

       “Where previously residential installations were the bedrock of the solar PV industry in the UK, adjustments to the feed-in tariff (FIT) system have seen commercial and large-scale installations take precedence,” said Richard Rushin, Trina Solar’s UK sales manager. “We anticipate 2013 being the year of the solar farm, and the substantial pipeline of … Read more

Looking back – Top stories of 2012

looking back  top stories of 2012

        Once again, a moribund global economy defined the year as politicians around the world tried to get ahead of the stubborn financial and debt crisis.

        And yet, for the European wind industry, 2012 included a signature achievement when, in late September, it was announced that the EU had passed the milestone of 100 gigawatt (GW) of installed wind power capacity. This can generate enough electricity over a year to meet the total consumption of 57 million households, equivalent to the power production of 39 nuclear power plants.

        The year was also significant for the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) which celebrated its 30th anniversary of guiding the wind energy sector in its transition from an alternative to a mainstream power source.

       EWEA also announced that Thomas Becker would become its new Chief Executive Officer when Christian Kjaer, after seven years in the top job, steps down early in 2013.

        Like almost all other sectors, the wind power industry was not immune to the economic woes that swirled about in 2012.

       Despite that, wind power continued growing as policy makers and investors realised its important role at the pivotal intersection of the economy, energy supply and the environment.

        With that in mind, EWEA distills some of 2012’s most important wind-power-related news, as recorded in the association’s blog.

January

        Fatih Birol, the chief economist at the International Energy Agency, said “fossil fuel subsidies are a hand brake as we drive along the road to a sustainable energy future. Removing them would take us half way to a trajectory that would hold us to 2C.”

       Tapping into the vast potential of America’s wind power and solar industries while also increasing the nation’s traditional domestic energy supplies formed a major part of US President Barack Obama’s annual State of the Union address.

February

         A PriceWaterHouse Cooper report revealed that global renewable energy deals hit a record high of $53.5 billion in 2011 – compared to $38.2 billion in 2010.

       The EU’s  installed wind capacity increased by 9,616 MW 93,957 MW. Asia had 21,298 additional MW of installed wind capacity, bringing its cumulative total to 82,398 MW. North America had an additional 8,077 MW,  increasing its total capacity to 52,184 MW.

       Eight leading European energy companies wrote to the European Commission and Presidency of the European Council calling for legally binding 2030 targets for renewable energy.

March

         Electricity from wind energy and other renewables is close to one-third cheaper than electricity from a new coal-fired plant, according to a US report.

       People can expect a catastrophic 50% global increase in greenhouse gas emissions and worsening air pollution by 2050 unless politicians rapidly work together to find sustainable growth policies, a new report by the OECD found.

April

        Asia will continue to drive global wind power growth during the next few years, the European market will remain solid but the North American market will be uncertain, Steve Sawyer, Secretary General of the Global Wind Energy Council, predicted.

         Europe could save €20 billion on fuel costs, improve its air quality and create up to 1.5 million new jobs by moving to a higher climate target for 2020, according to an EC report.

May

        Britain’s onshore wind farms supported 8,600 jobs and were worth €680 million to the UK economy in 2011, a government-backed study found.

June

         Markus Haslinger was the overall winner of the Global Wind Day 2012 ‘Wind In Mind’ photo competition.

        Japan firmly shifted its future energy profile towards renewable energy and away from nuclear power following the Fukushima reactor disaster.

July


          European MEPs rejected a proposal that would have allowed public subsidies to be spent on fossil fuel infrastructure projects under the  European Regional and Development Fund.

         Denmark met 26% of its electricity demand with wind power in 2011, confirming its pole position as a beacon for wind energy as well as for its ability to integrate renewable electricity into the grid.

        Responding to a proposed national study by Health Canada on wind turbine sound and human health, six wind energy associations pointed to 17 reviews of independent research that all conclude wind is not harmful to human health.

August

       The Sierra Club, the largest grassroots environmental organisation in the US, said renewable energy’s strong growth over the past decade has made it a target for unprecedented new attacks from oil, coal, and gas interests.

         Media reported that the United States wind power sector now has installed at least 50 gigawatts of electricity generating capacity.

         Siemens announced it had built, at 75 metres, the world’s largest rotor blade for wind turbines. Samsung Heavy Industries announced the delivery of the world’s biggest wind farm installation vessel — the Pacific Orca at 161 metres long, 49 metres wide and 10.4 metres high.

September

       A new US scientific study revealed that wind energy’s vast potential could more than meet humankind’s escalating power needs throughout the 21st century.

       An international group, Oceana, came out with a report saying the rapid increase in greenhouse gas is threatening ocean-based food security because of acidification.

October

       Hundreds of defects have been detected in nuclear power stations across Europe, according to a European Commission report and fixing the faults could run up a bill of €10-25 billion.

      International firms and energy companies threatened to slash planned investments in Britain unless George Osborne, the UK Chancellor, shows real commitment to developing a low carbon economy and delivering green growth.

November

        An announcement by Bloomberg New Energy Finance that says the costs of onshore wind farm operations and maintenance continue to fall rapidly is further proof that the electricity-generating technology is both affordable and dependable.

        Wind power and other renewables will become the world’s second-largest source of power generation by 2015 and close in on coal as the primary source by 2035, according to the International Energy Agency.

December

        The annual UN climate change meeting ended in Doha without any new targets for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and no binding plan to keep global temperature rise to no more than 2 degrees Celsius. Negotiators did agree to extend the Kyoto Protocol which includes only some developed nations, from 2013 to 2020.

        Offshore wind farms can create a host of benefits for the local marine environment, as well as combatting climate change, a new study by the Marine Institute at Plymouth University found.

       —– ewea.org  —

 

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As People Crowd Into Cities, They’re Becoming More And More Vulnerable

        A new report looks at some of the world’s fastest growing, but environmentally vulnerable, cities, classifying them according to the dangers they face, and laying out ways they might better cope. Put together by the U.K. Department of International Development, Atkins (an engineering consultancy), and the University of London, it covers 129 cities in 20 … Read more

French companies ally to optimise offshore wind turbine foundations

       Areva will bring its expertise in design and production of wind turbines to the partnership and STX France its know-how in specialised offshore foundations.        The agreement will see Areva and STX France make joint wind turbine and foundation offers on major European projects. If successful, STX France would design the foundations and take … Read more

FuelCell Energy wins order to install fuel cell power plant for landmark London office tower

       The power plant will be manufactured by FuelCell Energy Solutions GmbH(FCES), which will also operate and maintain the system under a service contract, from its operations centre in Germany. The DFC300-EU molten carbonate fuel cell will be installed in 2013, and commissioned for the building completion in 2014.         FCES is a joint venture between Connecticut-based FuelCell Energy … Read more

E.ON orders four new offshore wind farm service vessels

       The boat builder has already begun construction on the 19 metre high speed offshore wind farm service vessel, with delivery due for mid-2013. The bespoke aluminium catamarans are the latest Global Marine Design models to be built at Alicat's yard and will, according to Alicat, offer greater loading capability across the fore deck, as … Read more

Today’s Top 10: A wish list for the renewable energy market in 2013

      1) One thing I would like to see in 2013 is greater positivity about renewable energy. Currently, there is a great deal of scepticism about the benefits of renewable – for example, it is acommonly held myth that they don’t reduce pollution or they are a waste of time and money.        One of the most positive aspects … Read more

Why is wind energy controversial despite favourable public opinion ?

         Have public acceptance issues risen over the last few years?          I’ve been working in the wind industry in the UK since 1992 and wind energy has always been controversial, polarising opinion at both a local community and national political level.  Groups set up specifically to oppose wind have been active consistently since then … Read more

Wind will be the cheapest electricity generating technology by 2020

      Speaking at EWEA’s 2013 Annual Event in Vienna, Clover said onshore wind will achieve parity with other electricity-generating technologies feeding into the grid in Europe by 2015, followed by offshore in 2022/2023.         Clover’s opinion was backed by several high-level speakers at EWEA 2013 including Fatih Birol, Chief Economist at the International Energy Agency, … Read more

Renewable power generation 2011 Figures

    This article is taken from the July/August 2012 issue of Renewable Energy Focus (REFocus) magazine. For a free subscription, click here. Part one – introduction (click here). Part two – hydropower falls behind wind and biomass as growth dips Part three – Wind market still on the up and dominated by China Part four … Read more

General Electric now the World’s Biggest Wind Turbine Maker

       Gamesa Corp. Tecnologica SA, Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co., Guodian United Power Technology Co., Sinovel Wind Group Co. and Guangdong Mingyang Wind Power Industry Group Co. rounded out the top ten, though BTM declined to say in what order, because the data is preliminary.         Figures from wind sector advisory BTM Consult … Read more

Is Wind Power the Answer to Small-Scale Renewable Energy?

     Wind Power. A subject that is close to my heart (literally, as I live in a very windy valley!).

     Wind power has the potential to be used in a home environment only in the right circumstances, and has the potential to power everything your home needs, from electric radiators to hot water. In this instance, I’m going to focus on the electrical side of things, and how you can use mainly use wind turbines to power the electricity in your home, and even make money selling it back to the grid.

     The Basics

     Ok, so it makes sense to begin at the beginning; that is, explain the basics of wind power and the ideas behind it. So, wind power is the conversion of wind into a useful form of energy e.g. using wind turbines to create electricity. But this is not the only form of energy that it is capable of being converted into, other forms such as using wind mills for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water or drainage, or sails to propel ships with kinetic energy are also applicable. At the end of 2010, worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was 196.6 GW, with over 90 countries worldwide using wind power commercially.

     Some, however, are recently starting to doubt the ability of wind power to provide enough energy on a global scale (power output vs. Needs of nation) for it to be economically viable (see recent article in the Telegraph).

     However, it is still unquestionably one of the most popular methods of renewable energy on a personal scale, owing to a number of factors that will be discussed later. In terms of electrical uses on a large-scale, wind farms are the key. These are a collection of many wind turbines (as pictured) to collect as much wind power from one economically-viable area as possible. Wind Farms are connected to the electric power transmission network, whereas smaller facilities are used to provide electricity to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy back surplus electricity produced by small domestic turbines.

     Wind energy, as an alternative to fossil fuels, has plenty of positive factors. It is plentiful, clean, renewable, widely distributed, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation. However, the construction of wind farms/turbines has been frowned upon in some communities and areas, as it can have a large visual impact aesthetically.

     Yet, with some of the most viable areas for wind farming out to sea (and thus more wind farms being built at sea) this could be a small complaint of the future. Any effects on the environment, nevertheless, are generally among the least problematic of any power source, making it a favourite amongst the more environmentally friendly.

    Generating Electricity

    In a wind farm, individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage, power collection system and communications network. At a substation, this medium-voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system.

    In small scale wind energy generation, the surplus power produced by domestic microgenerators can be fed into the network and sold to the utility company, producing a retail credit for the microgenerators’ owners to offset their energy costs. This works on a retail credit system, the same as that used in small scale solar power generation.

    Grid management

    Induction generators are often used for wind power. These systems include substantial capacitor banks for power factor correction. Different types of wind turbine generators behave differently during transmission grid disturbances. However, induction generators cannot support the system voltage during faults, unlike steam or hydro turbine-driven synchronous generators, making this a sight weakness of the system.

    Capacity factor

    Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm’s annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors are 20–40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.

     The inherent properties of wind limit the capacity factors, unlike fuelled generating plants. Capacity factors of other types of power plant are based mostly on fuel cost, with a small amount of downtime for maintenance. Nuclear plants, for instance, have low incremental fuel cost, and so are run at full output and achieve a 90% capacity factor.

     Variability and intermittency

     Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable at several different timescales: from hour to hour, daily, and seasonally. Annual variation also exists, but is not as significant. Related to variability is the short-term (hourly or daily) predictability of wind plant output. Like other electricity sources, wind energy must be “scheduled”.

     Wind power forecasting methods are used, but predictability of wind plant output remains low for short-term operation.

   Wind Turbines and Personal Usage

     

    Now that the ins-and-outs of generating electricity using wind have been covered, it’s time to take a look at the practicalities of using it on a personal scale. To do this we have to look at what is called Microgeneration. This is described as the small-scale generation of heat and power by individuals, small businesses and communities to meet their own needs, as alternatives or supplements to traditional centralized grid-connected power.

    Although this may be motivated by practical considerations (such as unreliable grid power or long distance from the grid) it is primarily used to describe the environmentally-conscious and their approaches to generating power that aspire to zero or low-carbon footprints.

     Additionally, studies have backed-up the environmental impacts of wind power on a small-scale in the UK.  A new study by the Carbon Trust into the potential of small-scale wind energy has found that small wind turbines could provide up to 1.5 terawatt hours (tW/h) per year of electricity (0.4% of total UK electricity consumption).

    This is saving 0.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (Mt CO2) emission. (This data is based on the assumption that 10% of households would install turbines at costs competitive with grid electricity, around 12p a kW/h). These figures show it not only makes financial sense to make use of wind power, but makes a massive difference environmentally.

     Wind turbines have been used for household electricity generation in conjunction with battery storage over many decades in remote areas.

     In terms of the practicalities, turbines should be mounted on a suitable tower to raise them above any nearby obstacles. Another approach to positioning a small turbine is to use a ‘shelter model’ to predict how nearby obstacles will affect local wind conditions. Models of this type are general and can be applied to any site.

     They are often developed based on actual wind measurements (obviously preferable) and can estimate flow properties, such as mean wind speed and turbulence levels at a potential turbine location. They do this by taking into account the size, shape, and distance to any nearby obstacles.

     A small wind turbine can also be installed on a roof. But installation issues then include the strength of the roof, vibration, and the turbulence caused by the roof ledge. Small-scale rooftop turbines suffer from turbulence and rarely generate significant amounts of power, especially in towns and cities.

     Also, in locations near or around a group of high-rise buildings, wind shear generates areas of intense turbulence, especially at street-level. The risks associated with mechanical or catastrophic failure have thus plagued urban wind development in densely populated areas, rendering the costs of insuring urban wind systems prohibitive. Moreover, quantifying the amount of wind in urban areas has been difficult, as little is known about the actual wind resources of towns and cities.

     Conclusion

     So it seems that whilst wind turbines seem like a great idea for urban personal renewable energy, it may be best left to those in areas high above sea level, or in less densely populated urban areas, and of course the most environmentally conscious.

     However, due to factors like; ease of installation, benefits to the environment and ability (in the right conditions) to easily (and effectively) produce electricity in many different environments, wind power will continue to be a popular source of personal renewable energy.

—–   electrical-engineering-portal.com   —–

 

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